RAILROADS AND GROWTH IN PRUSSIA

Railroads and American Economic Growth : A

This paper examines the historical impact of railroads on the American economy, with a focus on quantifying the aggregate impact in the agricultural sector in 1890. Expansion of the railroad network may have affected all counties directly or indirectly — an econometric challenge that arises in many empirical settings. However, the total impact on each county is captured by changes in that count...

Railroads and American Economic Growth: New Data and Theory∗

This paper examines the impact of railroads on American economic growth. Drawing on general equilibrium trade theory, changes in counties’ “market access” captures the aggregate impact of local changes in railroads. Using a new spatial network of freight transportation routes, we calculate county-to-county lowest transportation costs and counties’ implied market access. As railroads expanded fr...

Railroads and American Economic Growth: a " Market Access " Approach *

This paper examines the historical impact of railroads on the American economy. Expansion of the railroad network and decreased trade costs may affect all counties directly or indirectly, an econometric challenge in many empirical settings. However, the total impact on each county can be summarized by changes in that county’s “market access,” a reduced-form expression derived from general equil...

Railroads and American Law

Zigzags, Railroads, and Knots in Fullerenes

Two connections between fullerene structures and alternating knots are established. Knots may appear in two ways: from zigzags, i.e., circuits (possibly self-intersecting) of edges running alternately left and right at successive vertices, and from railroads, i.e., circuits (possibly self-intersecting) of edge-sharing hexagonal faces, such that the shared edges occur in opposite pairs. A z-knot...